Reed Surname Meaning and Origin

The Reed surname has a number of possible derivations: A descriptive name or nickname signifying a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, deriving from the Old English read meaning red.A topographical surname for someone who lived in a clearing in woodland, deriving from the Olde English ried, ryd.A geographical name from any of the various places called Read or Reed. Reed is the 65th most popular surname in the United States. The REID spelling of the surname is extremely common in Scotland, where it is ranked #11. Surname Origin: EnglishAlternate Surname Spellings: REID, RIED, READ, READE, REEDEGenealogy Resources for the Surname REED: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Reed Name Meaning Family History An overview of the Reed surname meaning, plus subscription-based access to genealogical records on Reed families around the world from Ancestry.com. REED Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Reed surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Reed query.FamilySearch - REED Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Reed surname and its variations.REED Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Reed surname.Cousin Connect - REED Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Reed, and sign up for free notification when new Reed queries are added.DistantCousin.com - REED Genealogy Family History: Free databases and genealogy links for the last name REED. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Man s Relationship Between God And God - 1194 Words

Man’s relation to God distinguished God from his creation. Firstly, Man was made in God’s image, therefore they desire to communicate with God. They also recognize the need to obey God’s authority. Secondly, God created man in His likeness, however he gave man free choice to live. â€Å"Man was made for the test; he was created on probation.† However, God also created man to be morally akin to Himself. Two signs of God’s self in man appeared as righteousness and holiness. Adam struggled with two choices: one of which yielded blessings and one of which yielded regrets, the tree of life, or the tree of death. In the garden, God placed many trees of life, but only on tree leading to death. This required effort to yield to the forbidden fruit. God â€Å"always places the weight of His influence on the side of right.† The Tempter, however, used distractions, desires, doubts, and a moment of decision to convince Adam and Eve to eat of the fruit. Adam and Eve experienced at least four consequences as a result of their sin. They lost the glory God gave them. They also lost their honor and law. They no longer ruled, instead they worked. Adam and Eve also experienced death. Death depicted itself first spiritually, in that they were separated from God. Then they experienced complete death, in that they no longer lived physically or spiritually. Adam and Eve found guilt and many sinful tendencies such as living in a disproportionate image of God due to their sin, loss of fellowship with God,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Man And God983 Words   |  4 Pagesburgeoned, with the Greek Gods and Christianity being among the most prominent religions in history. There are a plethora of Greek texts, with some of the more notable including Homer’s Iliad and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, which focus on man’s relationship with the Greek Gods. Likewise, Saint Augustine, an illustrious figure in the Catholic Church, wrote Confessions which focuses on his relationship to God throughout his long, confusing path to conversion. Man’s relationship to God(s) has long been a debatedRead MoreRelationship Between Man And God1419 Words   |  6 PagesWithrow English 2423 23 September 2014 The Relationship between Man and God A covenant is an agreed upon relationship between two or more partners. Within the scripture of the Hebrew Bible, the covenant between God and man changes into a far more formal relationship than it begins in the story of â€Å"Genesis†. In the beginning, the relationship between God and man could be categorized as convenient. While, opposition to that, the relationship between God and the people of the Pharaoh’s, would be categorizedRead MoreRelationship Between God And Adam993 Words   |  4 Pagesa mystery to many people in society today. Therefore, the relationship between God and Adam can be said to be a very complex relationship. Genesis shows us many examples of God s interaction with Adam, apparently there is so much more about God’s disappointment and righteous anger in the garden. The world of Christianity fails to see there’s so much more to the story about God and Adam, I think many of us do the same. He was the first man, the father of mankin d, however, Genesis does not fill-inRead MoreKolbergs Stages of Moral Development1588 Words   |  7 PagesTHE SOVEREIGNY OF GOD AND HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY Augustine s understanding of the relationship between the sovereignty of God and human responsibility is more biblical than Cassian s view. Augustine s school of theology totally relies on God as the grace giver, however Cassian s school relies on man s merit before receiving grace. This debate has been going on since the early church and still affects the church today. Many people have different opinions and interpretations of how the BibleRead MoreMonotheistic Relationship Between Creator And Creation1509 Words   |  7 Pages The relationship between the creator and creation differs in books with monotheistic and polytheistic traditions. Although these relationships between the creations and their god(s) have proven some similarities. The relationships the creation has with their creator have been seen to have guidance to a task. In the monotheistic relationship between â€Å"god† and creation have lessons of man and their journeys of hardships with the help of gods guidance. The polytheistic traditions have been provenRead MoreReligion1641 Words   |  7 Pagesfor their faith. The acceptance in a triune God, that is; God as three persons that are collectively one, God; the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, is a fundamental part in the Protestant Christian Traditions understanding of the Characteristics of God. His nature is also understood as being transcendent –existing out of space and time, and immanent – being present within space and time. God’s image is present in hu manity and thus these beliefs in God and his character enable us to get a clearRead MoreMeaning And Types Of Old Testament Covenants1618 Words   |  7 PagesCovenant? God created humanity as an expression of His loving, relational character. In His wisdom, and because He is the Creator and sustainer of love, God created man with the free will to choose whether or not to love and worship Him in return. Adam and Eve’s choice to disobey initiated sin into the life of man, disconnecting the spiritual union they had with the Lord. From that very moment, God has been in a process to redeem fallen humanity back to Him. Man began to populate the land and God sawRead MoreA Believer s Relationship With God1141 Words   |  5 PagesA believer’s relationship with God is the first and foremost of all ties they have. It determines their other relationships with their fellow human beings. If humans gain a proper understanding of their sound relationship with God and maintain the prescribed relationship, they will grow into obedient servants of his Lord, valuable members of their family, sincere citizens of their state and loving, and caring human beings concerned with the welfare of all humankind. Dynamic living religions alwaysRead MoreUnderstanding Of Sin And Grace On The Basis Of Salvation1394 Words   |  6 Pagesglory of God† Everyone has sinned and fallen out of the grace. All mankind is comprehended to be involved, in some manner, in the disobedience of Adam. Everything began at the Garden of Eden when Adam sinned, the way that Adam was made in the image of God implied that he was free from all ordinary shortcomings and weaknesses and death. Adam s sin is regularly spoken of as a predisposition to sin inside human nature. Christ died for our sins and this we believe. There is a connection between the twoRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Across The Whole World1507 Words   |  7 Pagesexclusive for a man and a woman, although nothing in the bible talks about homosexual identity, but instead talks about homosexual acts. This is why love between two people, along with the symbolic ceremony of marriage, shouldn’t be limited due to their sexual orientation. The most common reason as to why same-sex marriage is opposed is the defining characterization of marriage: the union of a man and a woman. God s design for marital relationship is heterosexual and monogamous – that both man and woman

Microeconomics †Product Resource Markets Free Essays

It was at Menlo Park Laboratory Complex that Thomas Edison first unveiled the incandescent light bulb in December 1879 (Bellis 2006). More than a century has passed and, in that time, his famed invention has spread all over the world, marking great cities visible to passing planes. It has diminished from an astonishing wonder to an everyday, commonplace thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics – Product Resource Markets or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a large portion of the globe, light bulbs have become a basic necessity, placing it among products with inelastic demand. Without the artificial lighting, all manner of work at night would have to be severely limited. Artificial lighting also satisfies the demand for abstract concepts like the feeling of security and comfort. Demand for this product is inelastic because there are no substitutes for light bulbs; no other invention can efficiently produce artificial lighting. Incandescent light bulbs can be sold for less than a dollar a piece and requires a very small proportion of income. Changes in the price of artificial lighting is likely to cause only relatively small shifts in demand. If more than a century after Edison invented incandescent lighting, a new invention was placed in the market- a paint product that provided light when supplied with a weak electrical current. This new product presents itself as a substitute, which in turn, steals dollar votes for light bulbs. The quantity of light bulbs is sure to go down as some consumers favor the new product, forcing light bulb manufacturers to either exit the industry, increase prices, lower manufacturing costs, or innovate. A lot of women around the world, even those who don’t know fashion TV and the like, want a Prada bag. They can fetch a price of some hundreds to thousands of dollars. The supply for these bags, however, is inelastic. Even if the tiniest bag were to suddenly jack up in price, the quantity of Prada bags in the market would remain the same, or even go down as Prada will realize that their market has shrunk considerably. A Prada bag is unique, requiring very specific materials and highly skilled labor, including that of the designer, put together in a controlled manner. Because there is only one fashion house for Miuccia Prada, she, as a resource, has no substitution possibility contributing to the inelasticity of supply. Reference List: Bellis, M. (2006). The inventions of Thomas Edison. Retrieved November 2, 2006, from: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bledison.htm    How to cite Microeconomics – Product Resource Markets, Essay examples

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay Example For Students

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay The world known fact is that Langston Hughes was one of the greatest American novelist, playwright, and poet. Also, he was the innovator of so-called jazz poetry that became the new format of the literary art. Among his outstanding works, one can also find autobiographical narratives. Among the two volumes of his autobiography, special attention should be drawn to the little story Salvation in the context of the volume called The Big Sea. Learn more about the plot Langston Hughes’ salvation is a story of a young boy who was saved from his sin at the age of twelve. However, later, the boy mentioned  that it was not actually the saving procedure, explaining what has happened to him. After the town experienced the religious revival, the faith in God and religion itself became very popular. Aunt Reed was one of those who attended church every week, praying and asking God to forgive his sins. Once, children were invited to come to the mess in order to experience salvation. Aunt Reed told the boy that when Jesus would come to save him, the boy will see the light. That light will rescue him from his own sins. The young boy was so inspired by the idea of Jesus’ coming and light that he sat down on the bench and started to wait. He was so focused on the idea that could not even realize that Aunt Reed did not say it literally but metaphorically. While sitting in the church, the boy experienced the preacher’s sermon and tears of the young girls who desired forgiveness. He saw people striving for the chance to get rid of their sins through confession and forgiveness. People continued praying all the time for their children until they got tired. After the children â€Å"saw the light,† they left the church one by one. In the end, the young boy and his friend Westly. The boy’s friend said he was tired of this procedures and went out as if he also had seen the light. After long minutes of waiting for the light that had to change the boy’s life, he felt ashamed as nothing happened and Jesus did not come to him. His aunt continued praying, and he began to think what wrong was with him that he was not blessed by God. Finally, the boy thought about Westly who was not punished for his lie. That is why the narrator decided to pretend that he also can see the light coming to him from Jesus. So he suddenly stood up, and all the people felt joyful and happy for the boy. At night the boy could not help but be crying so desperately. His aunt thought that the boy was blessed by the Holy Spirit that made him feel like that. However, she would never know that the actual reason for the boy’s tears was different. He was crying because he had to lie to everybody. He could not understand that that the God did not suppose to appear physically. Therefore, he could not understand what his mistake was that Jesus did not want to come and bless him. He felt miserable and desperate as he was indecent to experience that light. Critics about the work Apparently, in his work Hughes is the boy he describes. What is more, the author touches such an important topic as a religion that was one of the core values in the society he lived. The author speaks about salvation as the need of each Christian person who wants to be saved from his or her sins by God. For this reason, all the children and people, in general, dreamt about the possibility to see the light. Unfortunately, the boy did not understand the metaphorical meaning of the light, so he had to lie about his experience. .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .postImageUrl , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:hover , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:visited , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:active { border:0!important; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:active , .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07 .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u301398e9a5bc320797df140db528af07:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Ethical Dilemma Of The Indian Barial Contovers EssayDespite the fact that the Hughes wrote a short story, he uses the control of all the dimensions in his writing. One can easily understand when, where, how, and for how long the story takes place. The author controls time as he sets the frames for the story. He starts with the weeks before the key event and describes the day for salvation in more details. He controls space as he speaks about the certain place where everything happens. He also mentions sounds in the space, for example, cheering people when the main character stood up. All in all, regardless the fact that it is the autobiographical story, the author creates the unique atmosphere of it through the combination time and space, with the addition of the particular characters mentioned in the short story. One more core point is the ability of self-irony and even satire, as the author laughs at himself for his lack of education and comprehension in the sphere of religion. Evidently, because of such writing skills, he was so highly appreciated and respected as the great  representative  of the American literature society.

Behaviour policy free essay sample

Behaviour policy is a guideline to all staff on how pupil behaviour should be managed it is important that this policy is constantly being applied to ensure full safety of the pupils; this is why all staff must be familiar with this policy. The policy outlines the schools aims of how to create a positive community atmosphere in which children can learn effectively by showing good standards of behaviour.The school aims to identify and respond to good behaviour in children, promoting a positive classroom environment where children with good behaviour and work are recognised. It outlines rewards sanctuary’s and sets put a code of conduct that all children staff, parents and governors should be aware of. Although good behaviour is encouraged in schools, children will still behave inappropriate at times consequences for bad behaviour †¢Name on the board (sad face) †¢Miss time out from golden times, break or lunch play. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviour policy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Be sent to the head of year / deputy head †¢Be sent to the head teacher and a meeting with parents. Good Behaviour †¢Full golden time awarded †¢Raffle tickets gained †¢Star of the day †¢Extra time to choose activities †¢Certificates in Friday assembly All staff can give certain rewards and sanctuary however some may be given by a certain member of staff for example, if you behave well you may be chosen to put your name down on the deputy chart and then at the end of each term a prize is given to the one that is chosen. Golden rules †¢Always do your best †¢Be proud of our work and our school †¢Be polite at all times †¢Respect each other’s property †¢Treat other as we would like to be treated ourselves Bullying policy is there to prevent and deal with any behaviour that is bullying, and to promote an ethos where bullying is regarded as unacceptable, so that a safe and secure environment is created for everyone to learn and work in. This policy applies to everyone in, and every one visiting, our community.The setting policy includes guidance on how to prevent bullying. Discusses monitors and reviews our anti-bullying policy on a regular basis. Supports staff to promote positive relationships and identify and tackle bullying appropriately. Ensures that pupils are aware that all bullying concerns will be dealt with sensitively and effectively that pupil feel safe to learn and that pupil go by the bullying policy. Reports back to parents/carers on bullying and deal with complaints.Definition on bullying is name calling, taunting, mocking, making offensive comments,; kicking; hitting; taking belongings; inappropriate text messaging and electronic messaging (including through web-sites, Social Networking sites and Instant Messenger); sending offensive or degrading images by phone or via the internet; producing offensive graffiti; gossiping; excluding people from groups and spreading hurtful and untruthful rumours.Bullying can happen to anyone the policy covers all types of bullying including: †¢Bullying related to race, religion or culture. †¢Bullying related to special educational needs. †¢Bullying related to a ppearance or health conditions. †¢Bullying related to sexual orientation. †¢Bullying of young carers or looked after children or otherwise related to home circumstances. †¢Sexist or sexual bullying. †¢Cyber bullying.

Different Character Portrayals From Book to Film Essays

Different Character Portrayals From Book to Film Essays Different Character Portrayals From Book to Film The Odyssey, the classic epic by Homer, has been retold for centuries since it was first written in ***. Each of these retellings differs from, one another, seeing as each version has a somewhat alternate take on the tale. This causes characters to be portrayed differently from translation to translation. After reading the retellings by John* Evslin and W.H.D. Rouse, as well as watching Konchalovslky's film version, it was clear one could detect visible differences between characters. Notable differences were most clearly seen in Odysseus, Anticlea, and Teiresias, who's depictions I will compare as they were described in Book XI of The Odyssey, "How Odysseus Visited the Kingdom of the Dead." Odysseus, the main character, is basically portrayed as a shrew, fearless, and smart man, cleverly weaving his way out of different dilemmas. After all, he is referred to as "the man who was never at a loss," and judging from his description in bot h film and different translations, this always seems to be true. However, there are several smaller differences in his character portrayal in different retellings. In Evslin's version, seeing as this version isn't greatly detailed, one can't gain such a feel for Odysseus' character as one can from Rouse's translation. Odysseus' lack of emotion may portray him to be rather uncaring, although he does treat the ghosts with whom he talks with respect, since he is just a guest in the Kingdom of Dead. However, it doesn't seem that the ghosts think as highly of him as they might in Rouse's version, seeing as Teiresias won't allow him to see Tantalus or Sisyphus, two ghosts that were doomed to suffer in Hades' Kingdom. Overall, from just reading this chapter, one can't tell a great deal about Odysseus' character. In Rouse's translation, Odysseus seems to have quite an esteemed presence in the Land of Dead. He seems to ... Page 1 of 5 Next be very kind and emotional, often shedding tears for those he sees dead. In this version, he has a much more seemingly realistic meeting with his mother. In this translation, not only does Odysseus see the souls as being wise, but the dead see him as having great knowledge as well. For example, quite a few of the dead that Odysseus speaks to question him about their relatives who are still alive and what his going on with thos ...

Compare and contrast two European countries Essay

Compare and contrast two European countries - Essay Example Social exclusion and marginalization have been intensified by the several factors, which includes the following. The increasing disparities in educational and skill levels have led to several people staying out of the labor market because judgment is based on qualification. Long-term unemployment poses the individuals to the risk of segregation in the society. They may be denied access to opportunities due to their economic status. Male joblessness is another rising issue. This is brought about by the emphasis placed on gender equality. In the effort to combat the past inequalities, much has been done on the women and girl child part hence putting the male species at stake. (Atherton, 2003, p.81) Since more and more women are getting educated and are given first priority in the job sector men are at the risk of losing jobs. Another factor is feminization of an increasingly casualised work force. The widening gaps in income levels are creating bigger possibilities of social exclusion. The increasing gaps in income levels are building on social gaps between the rich and the poor. The rich gets richer and the poor is getting poorer. This makes it difficult for the poor to cope with the fast moving life. People who cannot fit in the high-class life are locked out to belong to a rather low class. (Atherton, 2003, p.85) Deteriorating health and life expectancies for the poor society members is on the increase. The poor cannot access to health services most likely after the superiors deny them them. Poor health leads to short life expectancy. The poor standards of living contribute largely to the rising mortality rates among the poor. The rich has enough income to eat well, have a dignified life, a good health and their life expectancy is higher compared to the life expectancies of the poor members in the society. (Ferguson, 1990, p.24) Social exclusion is at the centre of public discourse in all countries across the European Union. Most researchers and scholars use past data to create comparable indicators of social exclusion. Most of the comparable dynamic information was on a wide range of demographic, social and economic indicators across Europe. Almost half the employed age population is disadvantaged on at least one point in time. Very few people are likely to be sidelined on a large number of social exclusio

Managing Change at Cox's Container Company Essay

Managing Change at Cox's Container Company - Essay Example It is also clear from the case study that the company faced change resistance from employees. In addition, the employees lacked the current skills and knowledge necessary to understand the budgeting system. This paper will analyse the challenges facing Cox Container Company and provide alternative solutions to the problems. In addition, the most suitable recommendations will also be proposed. Finally, the plan of action will be outlined on how the recommendations can be implemented. According to Huczynski & Buchanan (2013, p.6), organisational behaviour explains the conduct of individuals in a company. It is the social conduct of people that trigger them to act and live in groups. In order to maintain collaboration and attain goals, some form of structural associations has to be created. On the other hand, the organisation is a social system of co-ordination that is created to expand personal achievement that is aimed at goal attainment. The organisational behaviour is a reflection of actions and attitudes exhibited by employees in an organisation. From the case study, the organisational behaviour of Cox Container Company is developed by the fact that the employees are from the same ethnic background. From this perspective, the employees share same values and meanings held by the community, and this influences their actions. In addition, the culture is reflected in the attitudes and conduct of people or groups. A perfect example of how people share a common culture act is revealed in the operation department. In this case, the personnel working in the production department are seen to jealously to guard the independence they enjoy under their long-serving manager. The advantage of this form of organisational behaviour is that the company can attain its goals and objectives through staff loyalty. The individuals working in the company share a similar perception, therefore,

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial compensation to Essay

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial compensation to collegiate athletes - Essay Example In some cases these athletes are also given special treatment by their colleges in regards to their academic issues like excused absences, extra tutorial classes and their schedules are also very lenient. One of the major concerns is that these money payments would change their status from amateur athletes to professional ones and this could generate unsportsman like behavior form these players. Hence, their part of the argument is that when everything is given to them through scholarship then why they need more financial compensations. On the other hand sport fans who believe that these athletes should be paid for their share in bringing huge profits to their respective colleges. This would give them incentive to work even harder and stay in college to complete their study instead of joining professional teams. This can also lessen the illegal dealings and payments which sometimes these athletes indulge in to pay for their everyday expenses. There are a lot of misconceptions regarding the fact that college scholarships should be enough for the student athletes. Sometimes these young athletes are demoralized by their schools because where their schools are making huge profits through them they cannot come up with the money for their food, entertainment or sometimes even educational costs. The author says that the NCAA places limits on how much money a student can earn and how many hours student athlete can work (Delaney, Madigan 124). Giving financial compensations to student athletes can actually motivate them to work hard and side by side would also help them get proper education. Getting proper education along with sports will broaden their career opportunities. This thing is very crucial in every person’s life because education is as much important as sports. According to Wladimir and Szymanski paying these players can make the competitive advantage to the institutes to disappear (380). NCAA

Shaping, Joining and Surface Treatment Analysis

Shaping, Joining and Surface Treatment Analysis MANUFACTURING  PROCESS  SELECTION Introduction: Process selection is a key responsible are in an industry where the specification from the customers is analysed and the suitable process for the desired product is isolated from the other manufacturing processes. This selection process in a company is very important as this determines the futuristic profit for the industry or the quality of the products thats been produced from the plant. In order to analyse the importance and economics of the various processes in manufacturing industry, most of the companies these days uses CES software which explains all the details a company should think about before starting the manufacturing process. CES software details the important information on the history of the materials used for manufacturing process and suitable analysis based on their economics and environmental impact. In this report, from CES mainly, the process universe is analysed based on the three process such as SHAPING, JOINING and SURFACE TREATMENT. Figure 1 CES database with process universe Part 1 Manufacturing processes: From the CES (Cambridge engineering selector) software, process universe database few of the processes were selected and analysed in detail using CES database and the sources outside CES in order to investigate these processes. Joining, Shaping and Surface treatment are the three manufacturing processes that were analysed in this report. JOINING Introduction: This process describes the methods of joining parts together using various tools and methods in order to form certain assemblies which provides useful functions mechanically. At the very beginning joining process was very simple and basic like sewing using threads to stitch clothes, using paper clips, press studs and shoe laces. When it comes to fastening two objects or bodies together, all possible options should be considered in manufacturing processes in industries. Some of the basic classification of joining process are using Adhesives, Fasteners, Mechanical welding and Thermal welding. In industrial manufacturing process, joining process is widely divided into either permanent or non-permanent joining between two objects or surfaces. One of the common process in joining metals is to fasten two parts or castings in order to merge the two surfaces of the objects. Metal objects like body armours were assembled using metal rivets. Before metal welding was introduced, riveting the metals bodies played an important role in joining manufacturing process. BRAZING Brazing is one of the basic methods used to join two pieces of metals together. The process starts with isolating the two parts of steel that are to be brazed and by cleaning the parts using wire wool or emery cloth would remove all the greases on the surfaces. A paste that is made from borax flux powder and water is applied along the joint. This prevents the process of oxidation on the surfaces as this inhibits the brazing procedure being successful. And when the compressor attached to the brazing torch is turned ON, this pressurises the gas and the air, and then the gas-air is turned ON slowly, feeding the gas through the small nozzle and this is then ignited at the end of nozzle using a match. Figure 2 Brazing torch Once the torch is set and the hottest part of the brazing torch (tip of the blue part of the flame) is used to merge the two parts of the steel surfaces. Two pieces of the steel are placed on top of the rotating mount where it is easily accessed from all the directions. In order to lift the steel off the rotating mount, fire bricks are used and hence the heat produced can flow all over the surface rather than on one spot. The surfaces of the steel and the joining metal were given a gentle heat to raise the temperature in order to expand the metal edges and ready for brazing. Figure 3 Brazing process setup The flame is then moved forward and backward in order to focus the hottest part of the flame until the steel part becomes red hot. Then a brazing rod (copper zinc alloy) is then pushed gently along the edges of the steel surfaces and when the temperature is right the rod will melt in the gaps to fill them and merge the metal and steel surfaces. The rod is fed until it runs along the joint is brazed in order to join them together. When this is complete, the steel is allowed to cool slowly by quenching in water because cooling the metal quickly may break or crack the joint or it may become distorted. Figure4heatingprocessFigure 5 Brazed material Types of materials Brazing is the process which is widely used to heat exchangers, bicycle frames, boilers, copper pipes, and pipework fittings and to repair castings and assemble machine parts. Metals, Ceramics and dissimilar materials are normally brazed using this process in industries. A variety of alloys are used in brazing the materials by using the alloys for filtering. Some of the materials that are used as common filters are, Silver Copper Nickel alloy Gold silver Copper silver Aluminium silicon Copper zinc Most commonly, the brazing materials come as in the form of rod, powder, ribbon, paste, wire and preforms such as stamped washers. Characteristics of the components Brazing process will be able to fit within the sectional thickness of range from 0.1mm to 30mm. some might cover the points beyond this range, however, this may affect the increase in cost and time for the process in order to take place. The minimum section thickness is always determined by the process and the materials used within the certain manufacturing companies. Nominal tolerance for the brazing process is in the range from 0.05mm to 0.5mm and the resulting processed materials may be outside the tolerance range but this might affect the time for processing and the cost for the manufacturers. Some accuracy like precision or the surface roughness can be determined by the nature of the process. Economics of the process Brazing can be done manually and by using automated machines which is using the furnace. Generally manual process takes time and using the torch to braze a material requires certain skill level. On the other hand, automated furnace brazing requires no skill and no labour costs. Therefore, this brazing process is cheap and tools are fairly cost worthy as well and it is very economical for small runs in certain companies. Yet this process allows high production rates when the whole process is automated at large or industrial scale. SHAPING Introduction: Shaping is a process that was developed over time from ancient times when machines were involved in manufacturing processes. However, these types of shaping machines are not widely used in the current manufacturing industries although they had very substantial development. This process was used to cut metal tools and other parts in early days on the flat surfaces, yet these were used as a drawback in this times. Shaping produces the flat surfaces by moving a single point in a reciprocating or zigzag motion. The forward stroke is the cutting edge motion and the reverse motion is finished with high velocity motion in order to include the sideways feeding motion. CERAMIC MOLD CASTING Ceramic mold casting is a process which uses high temperatures in order to cast certain parts of machines or even tools, used in various machineries. This process is also like plaster mold casting but instead of using plaster to create metal parts or castings, ceramic casting uses refractory mold materials for casting. In an industrial level the parts used as cutting machinery or metal molds die for metalworking or even the metal impellers can also be manufactured using this type of casting processes. Nature of the process This process kicks off with preparing the platform for pouring the material for molding. A mixture of fine grain ZIRCON (ZrSiO4), aluminium oxide, fused silica, bonding agents and water which creates a ceramic slurry solution for the mold to be dipped in or immersed in this solution. When the mold is set in the slurry solution in the platform, the pattern is then removed and the casted mold is then left off to dry. Then using high flamed torch, the mold is then fired in order to melt or heat off the excess cast around the mold. This firing the mold process will also burn off any unwanted waste materials on the mold and make it rigid and hardened for the future polishing process. In order to add more strength and rigidity the mold is then baked in an oven over a certain time period or even heated in the furnace. The firing process leaves the mold with few cracks and lines which then adding the mold extra permeability and collapsibility for the metal processing that comes later in the industrial scale manufacturing process. Figure 6 ceramic casting process Once the mold was prepared the two halves were then joined together for assembly and be ready to pour the casting or molten material into the molds. The two halves also called as cope and drag section are then backed up with the fireclay materials for additional molding strength. Often in these types of processes in manufacturing industry, the ceramic mold is preheated in the oven in order to pour the molten metal into the cast. The metal casting is poured and let to solidify, in ceramic molding process in industries, like in other expandable mold processes, the ceramic mold is destroyed in the removal process of the metal casting. The ceramic mold itself can be a shell, for small manufacture processing components, or a box less block mold, for large industrial components, or even a composite mold combines both the shell which then backed up with a cheaper material like the large components that are produced in large quantities. The insulating nature of the ceramic mold prevents the molds from decaying or decomposing and prolongs the lifespan of the cycle time however the manufacturing ceramic casting process lends itself to mechanization and rapid output of molds. Types of materials Ceramic casting process plays a vital role in casting metal components such as tools used for forging and extrusion and even die casting. This process also used in the glass production. Some of the materials that has been processed in this way are, Aerospace parts and components Marine fitting tools Propellers for ships and small turbines Complex gearing parts Pumps and valves Pipes and precision machinery parts Impellers Characteristics of the components Mass range for this casting process is from 0.2kg to 50kg of weight and this is determined by the capacity of the casting mold or the caster, the press that the mold undergoes and the machine tools, etc. this can also often be extruded or extended with the help of additional process of fabricating. 1.5mm to 999mm is the range of the sectional thickness of the materials or the casting mold that is being used in the casting process in the industrial scale of manufacturing process. This is determined by the fluid flow in castings or the plastic constraints used in the molding process or the melt flow length in injection molding, etc. this process can generally be further outside the range resulting increase in cost for material and time for the process to take place in an industry. The range of tolerance for this casting process is from 0.38mm to 0.8mm in length or measurement as the achiever tolerance can be refined by secondary machining operations such as precision grinding and polishing in order to remove the extra unwanted materials and keep the accuracy nearly to 100%. 1.6 µm to 3.2 µm is the range of roughness for this process as this is controlled by smoothness of the molds or casting surfaces. Economics of the process Ceramic mold casting is relatively expensive. The tools costs cover a range from small, simple to large, complex molding materials and they vary in size shape and structure. To be able to cast parts at higher accuracy elements eliminates the need for machinery which reduces the cost for automated process but this casting is mainly monitored with watchful eyes and that increases labouring costs and training men in different aspects of skills development. The long preparation time taken in molds increasing makes the manufacturing production rates at very low intervals and increasing demands for new molds with certain improvements. SURFACE TREATMENT Introduction: Surface treatment can be used in various ways in order to clean or polish the surface of the materials using various techniques. This includes polishing or grinding the metals as well as smoothening the outer surface of the body of the materials used in manufacturing. Surface treatment of the metals involves the creation of a barrier that can protect the metal parts like a wall around the body in order to prevent corrosion or other chemical or environmental damages. The surface layer forming on a metal that is scheduled for chemical coating is created due to a chemical reaction which is non electrolytic in nature in order to achieve great and precision results in industrial manufacturing process. GRINDING Grinding is a slow process that polishes the surface of a material yet not removing a large sized part from the object or cutting the big edge off the material. In the past, this process was only used to machining processes or final dimension accuracy treatments by finishing the surface of the materials. But the developed or renowned new processes are changing the thought process thats been used over the years of time. Utilizing new grinding techniques, incredible material removal rate has increased up to 300mm3/smm, which is equal to 28 cubic inches per minute. This process allows the tough edges in aerospace markets, where the materials are made up of tough alloy or nickel to be removed and polished. Nature of the process Grinding process normally associated with the tools thats been used in the process of grinding. A grinding tool is used to grind down or polish metals or glass surfaces. Grinder is more like a sander which uses the abrasive surface of the grinder to remove the minute particles on the materials. Grinding process actually sharpens the wheel that is attached to the grinder by braking those particles and creating new grinding points in the wheel. A grinding wheel is made from several chemical and mineral ingredients, this composition of particles may vary according to the purpose of the wheel that is used in the industry like whether to grind metals or polish ceramic glasses. Figure 7 bonding particles in grinding wheel making process For metals they use the grinding wheel made from aluminium oxide granules to create that very abrasive surface of the wheel. For non-metals components, silicon based particles are used in the making of surface of the grinding wheels. These particles are added in weighed scales and by using resin bonding agents these particles are then bonded in shape to form the grinding wheels which are then used in the grinders for appropriate uses. Figure 8 grinding process with grinding wheels Types of materials Grinding also used to cut hardened steel, which produces very smooth surfaces. Surface pressure is minimum in grinding, which is suitable for light or small works that will spring away from the cutting tool in the other machining processes. It can be classified into rough and precision grinding. Rough grinding eliminates the primary layer of the materials that are with the huge or big part of the edges and extra addition of materials. This prepares the materials for further grinding with precision and increased accuracy. Surface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material which creates a flat surface. Pistons, pins, gears and shafts are some of the materials prepared by this grinding process. Rivets, valves and pipe fittings and lenses and mirrors for precision optical equipment. Characteristics of the components Surface smoothness of the materials used under grinding process achieve the high precision. The maximum temperature attained during this process is ranges from 70 to 370 C, this is due to the interaction between the grinding wheel and the material that is being grinded in the process. Unfortunately, the grinding process does not even out all parts of the material which indicates whether the treatment reaches its maximum precision level. At this process the curved surface coverage is very poor. Economics of the process The tools used for grinding process are fairly cheap and affordable. This is for manual polishing tools only with the approximate range of price from capital cost being  £90 to  £1000 and tooling cost ranges from  £8 to  £200 however this results in the production rates being very low as this is a manual process. Automatic machining processes can be expensive for both capital (ranges from  £1800 to  £1,000,000) and tooling machines (ranges from  £900 to  £10,000) but this shows higher production rates in manufacturing. PART 2 In depth case study analysis Using CES software the following charts are drawn and one of the given case study is analysed with the help of CES software. Manifold Jacket Figure 9 Manifold Jacket hollow 3D model The part shown above is called manifold jacket, is used in aerospace shuttles and vehicles. This component is made from nickel and it weighs about 7 Kg as this is a large 3D hollow dimensioned component it has a thickness of 2 5 mm with a precision tolerance of 0.1 mm. In this process of manufacturing case study, we only going to manufacture 10 units as this limited usage in the industry. Table 1 design requirements Manifold Jacket Material class selection Mass range Vs Material class The required material for this manifold jacket comes from a non-ferrous alloy. The chart below explains the class of materials fall in the range from 5 to 10 Kg of mass range of the chosen material (Non-ferrous alloy). From CES software the chart was created by labelling Y-Axis (Mass range Kg) and X-Axis (Material class Non-ferrous alloys). Then certain range as given above (5 to 10 Kg) was isolated using the box tool and the processes that satisfies the approximate length and mass are then labelled in the chart. The box in the chart isolates the processes which can shape these alloys and can handle the desired mass range of 5 10 Kg. Mass range was the Y axis and it was selected from the Process universe > Shaping > Mass range from the chart dialog box. Material class on the X-axis was chose from the advanced features and under Tree > Material universe > Metals > Non-ferrous alloys. In order to choose the limit to isolate the required process selection, a box was drawn in the chart body and right clicked on to Properties > Specified range 5 10 Kg in under the mass range sub heading. Then the chart was then zoomed in according to label the processes. By clicking and dragging on each of the coloured lines the desired processes can be identified. Chart 1 mass range VS nonferrous alloy Thickness Vs Shape class The chart below shows the relationship between the range of section thickness of the chosen materials and to see which processes can produce a 3D hollow shape of the material with transverse features. The chart was plotted by choosing range of thickness for Y-axis and hollow 3D with transverse features on the X-axis. By selecting Chart > Y axis > Range of section Thickness was selected in order to plot the graph and X axis > Advanced > Tree > Shape > 3D shaping > Transverse features. A box was marked in the chart by selecting box tool in order to isolate the processes that are capable of making that desired 3D hollow feature with the transverse feature as well. This box was in the range of section thickness from 2 mm to 5 mm. the processes outside the desired range are in different colour since these processes failed to produce the desired results within the certain limitation and ranges specified by the manufacturing company or industry. Chart 2 range of section thickness VS hollow 3D with transverse features Tolerance Vs Primary shaping process The process selection chart below refers to the interaction between the tolerance that the selection process can have and the trueness of the primary shaping process that is responsible for the formation of this manifold jacket. This chart was plotted using CES by selecting Chart from the process universe and under Shaping process > Y axis > Tolerance (mm) and on the other hand for X axis > Primary shaping process was selected on the same dialog box as both are under shaping process sub heading. Few processes that can be used to make this product within the limited tolerance and accuracy of the ranges are then isolated from the chart using a box tool and drawing the box for only the processes that can satisfy which means whatever lies on the box after TRUE phase and the applicable tolerance was specified. The tolerance level for these processes ranges from 0.1 mm and whatever above this tolerance and belong to the true phase then these processes can be used to manufacture the desired product with the possible tolerance output. Chart 3 tolerance VS primary shaping processes Economics Vs Discrete The chart below was plotted against the Economics of the batch size of 10 units thats been produced from the manufacturing processes. This chart explains the cost for the manufacturing process and see how much this process cost for the company would in order to produce 10 units of the desired products. Using the box tool from CES, 10-unit scale was isolated from the chart and the processes which can produce the certain amount of products are labelled outside the chart. Economics batch size in units is plotted in Y axis by selecting form Chart > Y axis > Economics batch size and for the X axis from the shaping process universe > X axis > Discrete was selected. Only the true section of the chart which can produce the desired materials can be isolated and units of 10 were boxed in order to see which processes can achieve this manufacturing process. Table 2 processes of the manifold jacket Chart 4 economics of the batch size VS discrete Methodology and conclusion Before even the part was made, it was important to meet the customer requirements and produce a report on how the production is going to take place and how this might satisfy the customers needs in order to make the production more efficient and effective. To make Manifold jackets it seems that Electroforming and investment casting are the right processes with the suitable economics and even for small number of units the casting works out just fine. These types of products are used in small number of units such as in aerospace vehicles and shuttles therefore it doesnt have to be produced in vast quantities. But in order to produce in bulk operations this process could cost very high and more expensive when it comes to the process being automated as the machines for these types of processes could cost effective and hard to maintain. If the process is manual this could cost much worthy for the company as in training staffs and more labour could result in expensive treatments. When it comes to large scale production of the desired products Electroforming is the only solution and for the manual process side, Investment casting emerged as a suitable solution. However, before any of these decisions been made, a brief analysis of the investment and profit report such as a cost analysis report is advisable in order to proceed with the project in future. And the analysis from the labours also advised in order to maintain a constant and continuous production in line in the factory in near future. PART 3 Environmental Impact of Process Selection ECO AUDIT TOOL To evaluate the environmental impact of the designed product and to analyse the ways to reduce this effect on the environment, ECO-AUDIT tool in CES software is used. This concept is achieved by focusing on energy usage and CO2 footprint of the materials used in the process of manufacturing. The product design forms the objective for the methods used and this resulted from a class of material selection. The objective is dependent on both product application and dominant phase, when the use phase is dominant the objective for a car would be minimize mass, whereas for a boiler, it would be to minimise thermal loss from the manufacturing process. Eco audit tool helps us to perform small or large quick audit before even we begin the report. This part of the CES software helps you to track and focus on the environmental requirements and simple and quantitative reports are being produced in order to demonstrate the compliance. This way it saves money by identifying the early stage corrections and before even the resources were submitted. Methodology of ECO Audit tool The methodology system in ECO audit helps us to easily interact with the tools and get some environmental impact of the manufacturing processes or the materials used for the manufacturing process quickly and effectively. This way you can track the product sustainability, comply with the customers target or the companys and even help us with more ideas in order to improve the design for manufacturing. If the goal is to minimise the environmental impact of the processes performed in the environment we need a quick and effective means of valuable report in order to judge the performance or the quantitative assessment. The whole processes in the ECO audit methodology can be summarised by the following image which clearly explains the steps and analysis of the process. Figure 10 methodology of ECO Audit process Advantages It helps us to make quick and early decisions based on the corrections and solutions given by the eco audit tool and this saves the company a plenty of time and money by identifying the mistakes in early designs and early stages. In order to use this software, the company or the industrial personnel does not need a specific knowledge therefore this product can be used across the company by anyone making this software more accessible for everyone and engineers can be supported by this software and take advantage by using this to make changes in their environmental audition report. It also helps the company to demonstrate the progression towards sustainability goals thats been set or achieved for the customers and some of the investors from other companies and sectors through benchmarks and some other better quantitative measures made. Case study Glass bottle We are trying to find out all the information regarding this product. For this we can use ECO audit tool which can tell us about the life cycle of this product, transport and uses for this product. This tool also clarifies the information for the energy consumed by this product and the CO2 emission for this product. We now analyse the design and the materials used in order to form this bottle including the cap of the bottle and also analyse where the bottle actually transported from and the net weight of the product or the balance weight that this product can maintain. Product manufacture The name of the product is Glass bottle with the aluminium cap that can be filled with 1 litre of mineral water which could also mean that the net weight of the materials and the whole product is 1Kg. Table 3 materials in manufacturing the product All the materials that the bottle was made up of can be recycled which indicates that the whole product is very Eco friendly and very beneficial to the environment. Transport The bottle itself was manufactured in France and it has been transported 550 km to UK with the help of

The United States of Europe? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nearly two and half centuries ago, the European colonists built their first nation on the North America continent, the United States of America. However, in these two hundred and fifty years, the relationship between Europe and the U.S. has always been fluctuating, and the attitude of their people towards each other has been changing all the time. So what are the reasons for this fluctuating relationship?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We all know that the people in Europe and those in the U.S. come from the same race, same origin, and they may all have the same kind of nationalism. Because of this, whenever any side of Atlantic Ocean has any problems or difficulties, the other side will eventually give its support and solutions. This can be illustrated by the time after World War II. In that period, the U.S. government has support its fellow brothers on the Europe by means of capital and technology in order to rebuild the cities and also to resist the expansion of communism. Even in recent years after the Cold War, NATO has accepted the application of some former eastern European communist countries. Frequent financial aids have been sent to those countries for the rapid change and development of their governments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, the European people gave their sympathy and compassion to the U.S. on the September 11 Incident. Most of the European countries give their support to the U.S. on the issue of terrorism. Moreover, some of them even gave their military support for the war to the terrorists. All these can strengthen the relationship between Europe and the U.S..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, can these events be the real reflections of the relationship between them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The answer is no. Many years after World War II, the younger generations have no idea of what the U.S. has done for their countries. Instead of thanking the U.S., they become more criticizing the growing influence of the U.S. on their cultures and governments. Just like the protests of the American people before the set up of the U.S., many European people are now remonstrating that their governments would become the puppets of the U.S.. Besides, they also protest against the U.S. government ¡Ã‚ ¦s withdrawal and rejections of some international agreements and treaties, such as the Kyoto agreement and the Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty. They think that these decisions are only good for the U.S., without any consideration of the Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other side of the ocean, the U.